Discover our teachers

7,244 tutors available

Excellent ( 4.7 )

1.9 million student reviews

The list of private teachers

Serenat

Konak, Turkey (online)

American university application counseling from izmir american collegiate institute senior student who received full scholarship early admission from an american university

₹289/hr
1^st free class

Seher

Karşıyaka, Turkey (online)

English / homework help / guidance and direction. let's complete the shortcomings together.

₹289/hr
1^st free class

Zeynep

Çankaya, Turkey (face to face & online)

Private lessons from metu chemical engineering student at an affordable price. numerical-foreign language-homework help-exam support

₹289/hr
1^st free class

Aybüke

Kuşadası, Turkey (face to face & online)

You can reach any area you need help with school lessons from an izmir dentistry student.

₹289/hr
1^st free class

Novita sari

Kecamatan Cikarang Utara, Indonesia (face to face & online)

International relations students offer homework jockeys for junior high / high school students in mathematics and english as well as paper, paper, and other essay jockeys for political science faculty

₹160/hr
1^st free class

Gracella

Kecamatan Duren Sawit, Indonesia (face to face & online)

Communication students with 4 years experience teaching children, using both indonesian and english

₹240/hr
1^st free class

Vania

Kecamatan Cikarang Utara, Indonesia (face to face & online)

Engineering students offer private or group courses in mathematics and physics in bekasi

₹294/hr
1^st free class

Selim

Seyhan, Turkey (face to face & online)

Private tutoring from dentistry 4th grade student in math, science and english

₹289/hr
1^st free class

Juventus

Kecamatan Cempaka Putih, Indonesia (face to face & online)

Tirtayasa mechanical engineering graduate 5 years teaching experience at primagama offers private, elementary, junior and senior high school academic courses in jakarta.

₹374/hr
1^st free class

Bilge

Yenimahalle, Turkey (face to face & online)

Mathematics and science reinforcement lessons are given by a medical student at the primary school level in ankara.

₹289/hr
1^st free class

Dinar

Kecamatan Manggala, Indonesia (face to face & online)

I am currently a pharmacy student in university of indonesia would happily provide academic guidance to exam preparation for primary, junior high and high school students.

₹187/hr
1^st free class

Merve

Kartal, Turkey (face to face & online)

Bilingual english and turkish literacy and mathematics group training for kindergarten preparatory group and primary school 1st grade

₹1,939/hr
1^st free class

Seda

Yenimahalle, Turkey (face to face & online)

Assistance from mechanical engineering student to lessons and homework at primary, secondary and high school level in ankara

₹289/hr
1^st free class

Mutiara

Kecamatan Pondok Aren, Indonesia (face to face & online)

Hi, im architecture student will help you with bring the solution for your study on academic... with easily and enjoy method foe study

₹155/hr
1^st free class

Nayla

Kecamatan Sukmajaya, Indonesia (face to face & online)

Social and language courses in depok with a foh student, offline online!

₹267/hr
1^st free class

Belinda

Kecamatan Mulyorejo, Indonesia (face to face & online)

Graduates of international business students offer courses for all levels of kindergarten and elementary school and social studies for middle and high school levels.

₹534/hr
1^st free class

Evanda danara

Kecamatan Rungkut, Indonesia (face to face & online)

Who says it's hard to do homework? let's we work together specifically surabaya

₹267/hr
1^st free class

Duru

Alanya, Turkey (face to face & online)

Private lesson with guidance support from the first in ege university. english, german, language and expression, turkish language and literature, psychology, logic, history, geography, philosophy, bio

₹289/hr
1^st free class

Ana

Calvos, Portugal (face to face & online)

Language and humanities student of the explanations of portuguese and history a

₹643/hr
1^st free class

Berk

, Turkey (face to face & online)

He is a student of istanbul university, faculty of letters, department of polish language and literature. he is fluent in c1 level english and is also proficient in physics, mathematics and geometry.

₹289/hr
1^st free class

Bahar

Etimesgut, Turkey (face to face & online)

I completed computer engineering in 3 years at çankaya university. i am currently doing a master's degree in industrial engineering.

₹289/hr
1^st free class

Marta

Labruge, Portugal (face to face & online)

5 (1 review)
New

Nursing student (with experience in caring for the elderly) gives private or group classes on caring for the elderly in porto district (greater porto, povoa de varzim, vila do conde, vila nova d

₹857/hr
1^st free class

Igusti

Tembalang, Indonesia (face to face & online)

I am a undip geology engineering student, i can guide elementary school students or students in academic matters, and located in semarang city area

₹155/hr
1^st free class

Nissi taruli

Kecamatan Cipayung, Indonesia (face to face & online)

21-year-old student with 10 years of teaching experience. already graduating more than 7 elementary school students with satisfying grades. can teach for children with limited speech / hearing impaire

₹187/hr
1^st free class

Joana

Samora Correia, Portugal (face to face & online)

Student of the journalism course. with pleasure in teaching and being able to help evolve. focus on portuguese, english and history subjects (un

₹643/hr
1^st free class

Joshua

Kecamatan Bulak, Indonesia (face to face & online)

Math and chemistry teachers offer private and group courses for elementary-high school students in east surabaya.

₹400/hr
1^st free class

Eva

Kecamatan Pademangan, Indonesia (face to face & online)

Elementary school science olympiad supervisors offer mathematics courses in english / indonesian in jakarta

₹1,334/hr
1^st free class

Risya

Kecamatan Selaparang, Indonesia (face to face & online)

An international business management student at asia pacific university, able to teach elementary school student for all subjects, reciting iqro and al-quran

₹187/hr
1^st free class

Kaylina

Kecamatan Kembangan, Indonesia (online)

A communications student offer elementary-level academic course for various school subjects

₹214/hr
1^st free class

Arzu

Bornova, Turkey (face to face & online)

Private lessons from radio tv and cinema students to homework and school (including english)

₹289/hr
1^st free class

Hendry

Kecamatan Depok, Indonesia (face to face & online)

Gadjah mada university faculty of forestry students offer all elementary school courses in the sleman - yogyakarta area.

₹267/hr
1^st free class

Gözde

Maltepe, Turkey (face to face & online)

Numerical courses, preparation for exams or reinforcement in school, mathematics and physics from a graduate of aeronautical engineering!

₹291/hr
1^st free class

Aisyah cindy

Kecamatan Sukodono, Indonesia (face to face & online)

Fresh graduate on 2019 which accepted in 3 state universities offering tutoring

₹187/hr
1^st free class

Zubaidah

Kecamatan Banyumanik, Indonesia (face to face & online)

Science education students offer math and science courses in semarang city for junior high school level. i have experience in giving private courses for 3 years.

₹240/hr
1^st free class

Kemal

, Indonesia (face to face & online)

Guidance for subject matter junior high and senior high school students from unj faculty of social sciences students

₹267/hr
1^st free class

Ani

Batu Aji, Indonesia (face to face & online)

The tutoring method is very interesting and not boring with the batam state polytechnic alumni on batam

₹374/hr
1^st free class

Cherry

Kuta Selatan, Indonesia (face to face & online)

Ms. cherry will help you do your homework math, science in indonesian, english, pkn etc. //// cherry will help you do your math, science, indonesian, english, civics homework :) - nusa du

₹534/hr
1^st free class

Nur

Kecamatan Cipayung, Indonesia (face to face & online)

Physics students of ui. able to teach science lessons for smp / sma, and basic english

₹267/hr
1^st free class

Elif melisa

, Turkey (face to face & online)

I am a psychological counseiling and guidence student at istanbul medipol university.i love helping my cousins homeworks .they love me because i am patient and i have s good relationship with kids

₹289/hr
1^st free class

Mashita

false, Indonesia (face to face & online)

Notary masters students at the university of indonesia are interested in teaching elementary & junior high school students

₹267/hr
1^st free class

Widya

Kecamatan Gubeng, Indonesia (face to face & online)

Offering academic guidance accompanied by moral guidance for indonesian citizens and foreigners, especially in the fields of english, indonesian, indonesian citizenship education, law, and history

₹155/hr
1^st free class

Nurcan

İstanbul, Turkey (online)

A university graduate is given a course to support school courses at primary and high school level.

₹289/hr
1^st free class

Zetha

Pondokgede, Indonesia (face to face & online)

24-hour online learning with stan students (passed medical diponegoro university 2017 through sbmptn) all subjects, especially mathematics

₹214/hr
1^st free class

Fajar

Batu Layar, Indonesia (face to face & online)

Mataram university students offer courses for academic guidance, and help with homework

₹214/hr
1^st free class

Ebru

, Turkey (face to face & online)

I study interactively with the other person. i help him learn not just by listening but by getting involved in various ways. i bring my own materials and make the lessons fun. my contact

₹289/hr
1^st free class

Helin

Antakya, Turkey (face to face & online)

I am an english language and literature student, i am experienced :) i've had many private tutoring students around me so far and i try to help in all matters to them.

₹289/hr
1^st free class

Sindhu

Chennai (online)

Assistance for school students online from their home from primary to hr sec

₹400/hr
1^st free class

Puja

Delhi (online)

Work hard to learn more. learning online hindi in funway let begin

₹300/hr
1^st free class

Amit

Lucknow (face to face & online)

Learn perfect math from expert professor having more than 18 years experience

₹800/hr
1^st free class

Nida

Bengaluru (face to face & online)

Bba graduate with science background willing to provide tuitions to the school children

₹500/hr
1^st free class

Sakshi

Indore (face to face & online)

Undergraduate student willing teach young children in a fun and easy way.

₹700/hr
1^st free class

Shivani

Kanpur (face to face & online)

A graduate student gives tution to class 6-8 students for all the subjects.

₹500/hr
1^st free class

Aditya

Musalmanwadi (face to face & online)

Educator at teach for india teaching english and science to grade 10 students in a school in mumbai.

₹700/hr
1^st free class

Hemalathav

Avinashi (online)

I can handle all subjects for primary kids, i can train them to enhance their ability to learn, even i can teach french and hindi upto grade 7, abacus, vedic maths and handwriting.

₹1,000/hr
1^st free class

Bibek

Ahmedabad (face to face & online)

I am student of iit kharagpur.having teaching experience of 2 years .

₹250/hr
1^st free class

Yashashvi

Ranchi (face to face & online)

My knowledge is based on subjects u want to learn from me

₹600/hr
1^st free class

Deependra singh

Bundi (face to face)

School coaching for good marks with learning methode. specially for maths & science

₹149/hr
1^st free class

Deepak

Delhi (face to face & online)

Tutions are the detailed version of school so choose wisely ... i mean choose me !!

₹500/hr
1^st free class

Mohammad

Kolkata (online)

I am a qualified and experienced teacher, mentor and guide who would be conducting classes only for i (one) to viii (eight) grade students for all subjects (science/arts/commerce/computer).

₹400/hr
1^st free class

Shuvam

Guwahati (face to face & online)

Accountancy, business studies of h.s and all main papers of b.com (accountancy major). my unique style of teaching will help you understand the concept behind every little things.

₹600/hr
1^st free class

Jinita

Cuttack (online)

I am a b sc hons. student, having secured first class distinction in my graduation.

₹599/hr
1^st free class

Mohammad

Lucknow (face to face & online)

I can teach students from class nursery to 8 . i can teach all subjects through both online and offline mode.

₹1,000/hr
1^st free class

Akshat

Greater Noida (online)

I'm currently doing b.tech from delhi technological university. looking to give online tuitions for the subjects maths and science, for classes 6-12

₹700/hr
1^st free class

Abhishek

New Delhi (face to face & online)

Student of bba gives tuition to class 1st to 5th all subjects. we provide online , offline and home tuitions. we take weekly tests to assess the child's improvement.

₹200/hr
1^st free class

Ashwin

Varanasi (face to face & online)

Hey there, i teach mathematics ,physics,chemistry and english to students of class 10 and below

₹149/hr
1^st free class

Ankur

Allahabad (face to face)

Classes for 1st to 10th or b.a. b.com. (up board, c.b.s.e board, i.c.s.e. board, i.s.c. board)

₹1,000/hr
1^st free class

Deeksha

Jabalpur (face to face & online)

I have taught in ojaswi ngo. and i also offer some soft skills teaching additional to prescribed with zero costing.

₹149/hr
1^st free class

Shweta

Belagavi (face to face & online)

Learn quickly, succeed easily ! personalized tutoring 1st to 6th std, all subjects.

₹1,200/hr
1^st free class

Khushi

Bengaluru (face to face & online)

Learning is done when concepts are well understood, and i am here for making that happen! ( i am a 5th year law student, teaching and growing together! ) can promise to provide calm, supportive and un

₹250/hr
1^st free class

Sharad

Varanasi (online)

I'm a private tutor on a mission to help student in order to make smart and correct decisions for their future.

₹450/hr
1^st free class

Kirti

Mumbai (face to face)

Student in b.a is giving school coaching to primary as well as middle school students

₹700/hr
1^st free class

Ridhi

New Delhi (face to face & online)

Students of standard 9th and 10th are most welcome. my priority subjects are mathematics and science. thank you.

₹500/hr
1^st free class

Shubhika

New Delhi (face to face & online)

Student in english literature and language giving tutions particularly in english (and other subjects) with an experience of 2 years.

₹500/hr
1^st free class

Manish

New Delhi (face to face & online)

Management person having hobby and experience of teaching for more than 10 years

₹500/hr
1^st free class

Biswajith

Puducherry (online)

Get trained for icse grade 10 board exams and learn how to study with passion

₹500/hr
1^st free class

Prasoon

Lucknow (online)

Pursuing graduation from university of delhi , gives tuitions in all subjects from science to social science till high school through online medium .

₹200/hr
1^st free class

Bhawana

Shamli (face to face & online)

All subjects up to class 8th or social science and english for classes ahead. my class could be fun but disciplined as well.

₹600/hr
1^st free class

Lakhbir

Jalandhar (face to face & online)

learn and enjoy the maths by simple learning and remembring methods

₹200/hr
1^st free class

Mohit

Delhi (face to face & online)

Students from class 9th to 12th can contact. i also teach on unacademy

₹500/hr
1^st free class

Sanchit

Bengaluru (face to face & online)

A corporate trainer with a flair for teaching. more than 10 years of experience in teaching children from class 1 to 10th all subjects

₹800/hr
1^st free class

Siddharth

Pune (face to face)

Mechanical engineer (diploma+be) with 9 years professional industrial and 4 years of rich teaching experience of 9th and 10th all subjects with proven records.

₹300/hr
1^st free class

Richa

(online)

Political science graduate can teach students of classes ranging from 5 to 10.

₹1,100/hr
1^st free class

Riya

Delhi (online)

No more rattafication. queries are always welcome. learning will be more easy from now!

₹200/hr
1^st free class

Ajay

Bareilly (face to face)

Mba professional with 5 years of industry experience willing to help school kids in academics and nurture through interactive learning techniques.

₹149/hr
1^st free class

Ananya

Delhi (online)

I'm final year undergraduate student pursuing my degree in electronics sciences from university of delhi. i have completed my high school in pcbm

₹750/hr
1^st free class

Deepasree

Chennai (online)

Tutoring class 5 to 10. - specialized in english, science, language and social.

₹400/hr
1^st free class

Jayanth

Hyderabad (online)

I am a bba student who scored 1440 in the sat on my first attempt with minimal practice. i teach maths and english for sat and up to 10th standard.

₹1,000/hr
1^st free class

Harsh

Bengaluru (face to face & online)

Graduated with 82% percentage from bsc background from mjpr university, bareilly, 10/12th were 93 and 92. passionate about teaching

₹200/hr
1^st free class

Leeyanta

Kolkata (face to face & online)

I teach students of any class till 10 standard with full attention. i teach all the subjects except maths.

₹200/hr
1^st free class

Khushi gupta

New Delhi (online)

Student of class 12th can teach children from grade 5th to 8th. i’ll be great teacher

₹500/hr
1^st free class

Alpana

Gandhidham (online)

Student from forensic science gives tuitions in science & math of 9th & 10th std

₹200/hr
1^st free class

Urvi

Mumbai (face to face & online)

Professional offering school coaching for grades i-x in mumbai. specialised history lessons available for undergraduate level.

₹500/hr
1^st free class

Sanskriti mehra

Delhi (face to face & online)

I am teaching students of 1-10th class . science english social sciences in hindi and english medium.. apart from this i give coaching to the students of 11th & 12th of economics and geography.i have

₹700/hr
1^st free class

Sakshi

Boisar (online)

Hello,i am just beginner in this field i can explain well you everyone so i hope u can give me chance

₹500/hr
1^st free class

Shalini

Ghaziabad (online)

May i prepare for competition exam. i also pay attention to good skills with good teaching.

₹500/hr
1^st free class

Surender

Jodhpur (face to face & online)

Helps students in active learning and improving skills. cognitive development and rational thinking. provides self development value based education.

₹500/hr
1^st free class

Mansi

Gwalior (online)

Getting a better understanding in academics is all about learning with imagination

₹150/hr
1^st free class

Shivam singh

Guna (online)

Mechanical engineer can teach the subject you opt for class 9th and 10th (science and maths and social science)

₹700/hr
1^st free class

Prashanti

Bargarh (face to face & online)

A student of msc who teaches science and maths to school students.

₹500/hr
1^st free class

Aryan

Bakharia (online)

Student of banaras hindu university wanna teach school students with great enthusiasm come and experience it.

₹700/hr
1^st free class

Sivangi

Delhi (face to face & online)

History(h) from ramjas college, university of delhi.currently pursuing ma in women’s studies from rcws, sndt women’s university, mumbai. can teach all subjects to primary school children and social sc

₹450/hr
1^st free class

Omesh

Mumbai (face to face)

Coaching upto 12th excluding maths and science streams, coaching for single or small group of students

₹200/hr
1^st free class

Essential information about your School coaching classes

✅ Average price:	₹855/hr
✅ Average response time:	2h
✅ Teachers available:	7,244
✅ Class format:	Face-to-face or online

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What do you want to learn?

Discover our teachers

The list of private teachers

American university application counseling from izmir american collegiate institute senior student who received full scholarship early admission from an american university

English / homework help / guidance and direction. let's complete the shortcomings together.

Private lessons from metu chemical engineering student at an affordable price. numerical-foreign language-homework help-exam support

You can reach any area you need help with school lessons from an izmir dentistry student.

International relations students offer homework jockeys for junior high / high school students in mathematics and english as well as paper, paper, and other essay jockeys for political science faculty

Communication students with 4 years experience teaching children, using both indonesian and english

Engineering students offer private or group courses in mathematics and physics in bekasi

Private tutoring from dentistry 4th grade student in math, science and english

Tirtayasa mechanical engineering graduate 5 years teaching experience at primagama offers private, elementary, junior and senior high school academic courses in jakarta.

Mathematics and science reinforcement lessons are given by a medical student at the primary school level in ankara.

I am currently a pharmacy student in university of indonesia would happily provide academic guidance to exam preparation for primary, junior high and high school students.

Bilingual english and turkish literacy and mathematics group training for kindergarten preparatory group and primary school 1st grade

Assistance from mechanical engineering student to lessons and homework at primary, secondary and high school level in ankara

Hi, im architecture student will help you with bring the solution for your study on academic... with easily and enjoy method foe study

Social and language courses in depok with a foh student, offline online!

Graduates of international business students offer courses for all levels of kindergarten and elementary school and social studies for middle and high school levels.

Who says it's hard to do homework? let's we work together specifically surabaya

Private lesson with guidance support from the first in ege university. english, german, language and expression, turkish language and literature, psychology, logic, history, geography, philosophy, bio

Language and humanities student of the explanations of portuguese and history a

He is a student of istanbul university, faculty of letters, department of polish language and literature. he is fluent in c1 level english and is also proficient in physics, mathematics and geometry.

I completed computer engineering in 3 years at çankaya university. i am currently doing a master's degree in industrial engineering.

Nursing student (with experience in caring for the elderly) gives private or group classes on caring for the elderly in porto district (greater porto, povoa de varzim, vila do conde, vila nova d

I am a undip geology engineering student, i can guide elementary school students or students in academic matters, and located in semarang city area

21-year-old student with 10 years of teaching experience. already graduating more than 7 elementary school students with satisfying grades. can teach for children with limited speech / hearing impaire

Student of the journalism course. with pleasure in teaching and being able to help evolve. focus on portuguese, english and history subjects (un

Math and chemistry teachers offer private and group courses for elementary-high school students in east surabaya.

Elementary school science olympiad supervisors offer mathematics courses in english / indonesian in jakarta

An international business management student at asia pacific university, able to teach elementary school student for all subjects, reciting iqro and al-quran

A communications student offer elementary-level academic course for various school subjects

Private lessons from radio tv and cinema students to homework and school (including english)

Gadjah mada university faculty of forestry students offer all elementary school courses in the sleman - yogyakarta area.

Numerical courses, preparation for exams or reinforcement in school, mathematics and physics from a graduate of aeronautical engineering!

Fresh graduate on 2019 which accepted in 3 state universities offering tutoring

Science education students offer math and science courses in semarang city for junior high school level. i have experience in giving private courses for 3 years.

Guidance for subject matter junior high and senior high school students from unj faculty of social sciences students

The tutoring method is very interesting and not boring with the batam state polytechnic alumni on batam

Ms. cherry will help you do your homework math, science in indonesian, english, pkn etc. //// cherry will help you do your math, science, indonesian, english, civics homework :) - nusa du

Physics students of ui. able to teach science lessons for smp / sma, and basic english

I am a psychological counseiling and guidence student at istanbul medipol university.i love helping my cousins homeworks .they love me because i am patient and i have s good relationship with kids

Notary masters students at the university of indonesia are interested in teaching elementary & junior high school students

Offering academic guidance accompanied by moral guidance for indonesian citizens and foreigners, especially in the fields of english, indonesian, indonesian citizenship education, law, and history

A university graduate is given a course to support school courses at primary and high school level.

24-hour online learning with stan students (passed medical diponegoro university 2017 through sbmptn) all subjects, especially mathematics

Mataram university students offer courses for academic guidance, and help with homework

I study interactively with the other person. i help him learn not just by listening but by getting involved in various ways. i bring my own materials and make the lessons fun. my contact

I am an english language and literature student, i am experienced :) i've had many private tutoring students around me so far and i try to help in all matters to them.

Assistance for school students online from their home from primary to hr sec

Work hard to learn more. learning online hindi in funway let begin

Learn perfect math from expert professor having more than 18 years experience

Bba graduate with science background willing to provide tuitions to the school children

Undergraduate student willing teach young children in a fun and easy way.

A graduate student gives tution to class 6-8 students for all the subjects.

Educator at teach for india teaching english and science to grade 10 students in a school in mumbai.

I can handle all subjects for primary kids, i can train them to enhance their ability to learn, even i can teach french and hindi upto grade 7, abacus, vedic maths and handwriting.

I am student of iit kharagpur.having teaching experience of 2 years .

My knowledge is based on subjects u want to learn from me

School coaching for good marks with learning methode. specially for maths & science

Tutions are the detailed version of school so choose wisely ... i mean choose me !!

I am a qualified and experienced teacher, mentor and guide who would be conducting classes only for i (one) to viii (eight) grade students for all subjects (science/arts/commerce/computer).

Accountancy, business studies of h.s and all main papers of b.com (accountancy major). my unique style of teaching will help you understand the concept behind every little things.

I am a b sc hons. student, having secured first class distinction in my graduation.

I can teach students from class nursery to 8 . i can teach all subjects through both online and offline mode.

I'm currently doing b.tech from delhi technological university. looking to give online tuitions for the subjects maths and science, for classes 6-12

Student of bba gives tuition to class 1st to 5th all subjects. we provide online , offline and home tuitions. we take weekly tests to assess the child's improvement.

Hey there, i teach mathematics ,physics,chemistry and english to students of class 10 and below

Classes for 1st to 10th or b.a. b.com. (up board, c.b.s.e board, i.c.s.e. board, i.s.c. board)

I have taught in ojaswi ngo. and i also offer some soft skills teaching additional to prescribed with zero costing.

Learn quickly, succeed easily ! personalized tutoring 1st to 6th std, all subjects.

Learning is done when concepts are well understood, and i am here for making that happen! ( i am a 5th year law student, teaching and growing together! ) can promise to provide calm, supportive and un

I'm a private tutor on a mission to help student in order to make smart and correct decisions for their future.

Student in b.a is giving school coaching to primary as well as middle school students

Students of standard 9th and 10th are most welcome. my priority subjects are mathematics and science. thank you.

Student in english literature and language giving tutions particularly in english (and other subjects) with an experience of 2 years.

Management person having hobby and experience of teaching for more than 10 years

Get trained for icse grade 10 board exams and learn how to study with passion

Pursuing graduation from university of delhi , gives tuitions in all subjects from science to social science till high school through online medium .

All subjects up to class 8th or social science and english for classes ahead. my class could be fun but disciplined as well.

*learn and enjoy the maths by simple learning and remembring methods *

learn and enjoy the maths by simple learning and remembring methods